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用于明确肿瘤性质、类型、分期等信息，可用细针抽吸术、穿刺术或切除活检术、前哨淋巴结活检术等获取标本。
Those with most cancers have an increased threat of blood clots in their veins that may be everyday living-threatening.[210] The usage of blood thinners for instance heparin lower the risk of blood clots but haven't been demonstrated to improve survival in people with most cancers.[210] Those who just take blood thinners even have a heightened danger of bleeding.[210]
机体受到多种因素的共同作用，发生基因异常改变，包括原癌基因激活、抑癌基因失活、多种基因异常的累积等，最终形成癌症。
免疫系统对癌症的异常反应。在某些情况下，身体的免疫系统可能通过攻击健康细胞来对癌症作出反应。这些非常罕见的反应称为副肿瘤综合征，会导致各种体征和症状，如行走困难和癫痫发作。
梗阻：与瘤体增大堵塞正常腔道有关，如胃肠癌梗阻引发呕吐、排便困难，胰头癌胆汁排出受限引发黄疸等。
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药物治疗通常可分为：并发症治疗药物以及癌症靶向治疗药物。前者通常是治疗 患癌后出现的一些并发症如局部感染、病毒感染和疼痛。这类药物本身并不能治疗 癌症，但是能减轻患者的痛苦程度。而后者即常说的化疗，有多种类型，常见药物 有利妥昔单抗、曲妥珠单抗等。这些药物对肿瘤更有针对性，效率高、疗效显著、 不良反应较少。但仅适用于具有某类靶点的肿瘤患者，具有局限性；而且治疗费用 较高，可能会出现耐药性(即药物失效)，很难实现治愈。
Complementary and substitute most cancers treatments are a diverse group of therapies, techniques and products that will not be A part of common drugs.[202] "Complementary medicine" refers to strategies and substances made use of in addition to regular drugs, while "substitute medication" refers to compounds utilised in lieu of standard medicine.[203] Most complementary and alternative medicines for most cancers haven't been examined or analyzed using standard strategies for example medical trials.
Elective abortions are certainly not needed and, for the most typical sorts and levels of most cancers, don't Enhance the mother's survival.
Disruption of an individual gene might also final result from integration of genomic content from a DNA virus or retrovirus, leading to the expression of viral oncogenes within the afflicted cell and its descendants.
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消瘦：因肿瘤消耗患者体质、营养摄入不足、并发感染等情况，患者体重不断下降，晚期会极度消瘦。